General Medicine

20 learning units • 100 chapter sections • 200 explained questions. Assess the patient, choose investigations and build a monitored management plan across adult medical specialties.

Original RAHBAR study material for the Year 4 learning pathway. Clinical cases support supervised undergraduate learning. Treatment choices, doses and procedures must follow current local protocols and the responsible clinical team. References & further reading ↓

MODULE 13 / 20

Chronic Kidney Disease & Acid-Base Interpretation

Classify chronic kidney disease using filtration and albuminuria, and read blood gases as a connected physiological pattern.

Answer all 10 questions, then submit to see your score and explanations. This is a self-study exercise; results are not saved.

Question 01. What duration supports the definition of CKD? A. Abnormality persisting for more than three monthsB. One abnormal result during dehydrationC. A two-hour change aloneD. Any transient dipstick finding

Question 02. What adds prognostic information beyond eGFR in CKD? A. The laboratory printout colourB. AlbuminuriaC. An isolated normal pulseD. The patient's shoe size

Question 03. Why can creatinine underestimate impairment in a frail person? A. Frailty always increases filtrationB. Creatinine is unrelated to muscleC. Low muscle mass can reduce creatinine generationD. Frail patients cannot have kidney disease

Question 04. Which framework best classifies CKD? A. Age aloneB. Creatinine colour aloneC. Cause, GFR and albuminuriaD. Blood pressure without urine assessment

Question 05. Does a near-normal pH exclude acid-base disease? A. No, opposing processes can coexistB. Yes, alwaysC. Only if the pulse is slowD. Yes, when bicarbonate is abnormal

Question 06. What is the anion gap for Na 140, Cl 104 and bicarbonate 16? A. 52 mmol/LB. 260 mmol/LC. 20 mmol/LD. 4 mmol/L

Question 07. Which can cause a high-anion-gap metabolic acidosis? A. Isolated uncomplicated respiratory alkalosisB. A normal meal aloneC. Mild seasonal rhinitisD. Ketoacidosis

Question 08. What is the first step in systematic blood-gas interpretation? A. Interpret oxygen saturation as the entire acid-base resultB. Ignore the clinical contextC. Assess pH with carbon dioxide and bicarbonateD. Treat every low bicarbonate identically

Question 09. What should guide planning for dialysis or conservative kidney care? A. One eGFR value alone in every caseB. Symptoms, complications, trajectory and patient goalsC. Age aloneD. The number of prior clinic visits

Question 10. Why review over-the-counter medicines in CKD? A. Non-prescription medicines are always harmlessB. They cannot affect potassiumC. Some increase kidney risk or need adjustmentD. They replace prescribed monitoring

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References & Further Reading

Read the relevant guideline sections alongside these original clinical teaching cases. Local pathways, available services and individual patient factors determine care.

Reference review: 27 September 2026. Consult current local protocols for prescribing, procedures and escalation.